Larval fish assemblages in selected Brazilian estuaries: Species-environment relationships under different anthropogenic influences.

We investigate the effects of spatial changes in environmental conditions and anthropogenic influences on larval fish communities in two tropical estuaries with varying levels of human impact. Our findings revealed a distinct structure of larval fish assemblages between the two estuaries located in northeastern Brazil, and we observed that eutrophication, characterized by high concentrations of nutrients, had adverse effects on the abundance and richness of larval fish assemblages. Additionally, we observed that a decrease in rainfall had an impact on larval fish assemblages, particularly during the dry season, when intermittent upstream rivers lead to changes in salinity and species composition within the estuaries. This study contributed to evaluating the community descriptors of two tropical estuaries under different levels of human influence, providing insights into the vulnerability of larval fish assemblages to climate change, specifically in relation to human influences and hypersalinity and the effects of marinization in shallow tropical estuaries in this region.

Interdecadal changes in ichthyofauna in a tropical bay with high anthropogenic influences: functional stability despite turnover predominance.

Functional characteristics of species are of great importance for understanding their roles in ecosystems and can be used to detect long-term chances in the environment. We evaluated temporal changes (1983-1985 and 2017-2019) in taxonomic and functional indices of the fish fauna in shallow areas of a tropical bay heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities in recent decades. The hypothesis that functional indices change over time as a result of environmental degradation was tested. Our results showed a significant decrease in species richness and abundance over time, and in functional richness, while others functional diversity indices (divergency, evenness, and originality) remained stable. Thirteen functional groups were detected, some of which contained only one species, raising concerns about the loss of ecosystem functions due to ongoing changes. We also observed an increase in beta diversity over time, which may be the result of a decrease in local richness without leading to regional extinctions. Turnover was the most important process in structuring the fish fauna at the evaluated time scale. The relative stability of the functional structure and the higher levels of turnover seem to be related to the dominance of functional groups, within which species replace each other according to their responses to environmental filters that select for specific functional traits. Incorporating functional diversity indices and beta diversity variations in the fish community helped to enhance the existing information about this coastal system by offering improved estimates of biological diversity through diverse approaches. The predominance of turnover identified in the preset study suggests a dynamic and fluctuating species composition within the habitat. In this sense, habitat preservation should prioritize the protection of diverse habitats to accommodate a broad spectrum of species.

Identifying Whitemouth Croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) Populations along the Rio de Janeiro Coast, Brazil, through Microsatellite and Otolith Analyses.

The inshore area of the Southwestern Atlantic between 22 °S and 29 °S (South Brazilian Bight) is a transitional climatic zone, where the tropical and warm temperate provinces mix. In its northern part, i.e., in the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, local oceanographic conditions, such as upwelling in the north, and great bays with different degrees of anthropogenic influences in the center and south can determine the population structure of several fish stocks. The Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) is one the most heavily exploited fishing resources in this area, but there are still some doubts about its population structure. In this study, through combined analyses using nuclear genetic markers and morphological and geochemical signatures of otoliths, a divergence of individuals between two populations was identified using microsatellites, while a finer spatial structure with three populations (north, center and south, respectively) was found based on otolith shapes and elemental signatures. This regional population structure may have direct implications for rational fisheries management and conservation of the species.

Underwater drones reveal different fish community structures on the steep slopes of a tropical reservoir.

A new approach for visual fish survey in reservoirs using underwater drones (remotely operated vehicle- ROV) is presented. The ROV was applied to identify abiotic gradients and to compare fish assemblages on the steep slopes in a tropical reservoir. The tested hypothesis is that fish are concentrated in the littoral zone due to the better physicochemical and habitat conditions, compared to deep and hypoxic layers. Twelve species were recorded (seven native, five exotic), with all species occurring in the littoral zone, seven species in the transition, and four in the profundal zone. A greater fish abundance and richness was found in the littoral zone corroborating the main hypothesis. The littoral zone was dominated by exotic cichlids (Cichla spp., Coptodon rendalli), while native catfish (Loricariichthys castaneus, Pimelodella lateristriga) occupied deeper areas. The fish distribution seems to be driven by local factors, such as oxygen availability and habitat structure. The preference for the littoral zone by alien cichlids may have led to the extirpation/decrease of native characids and induced catfishes to occupy deep habitats. Underwater drones can be a valuable tool for the simultaneous collection of abiotic/biotic data, especially in deep reservoirs with complex habitats, resulting in advances in the environmental monitoring. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-021-04790-9.

Equilibrium reproductive strategy of the peacock bass Cichla kelberi facilitates invasion into a Neotropical reservoir.

The reproductive strategy of the non-native predator cichlid Cichla kelberi was determined to explain its success after more than 60 years of being introduced into an isolated reservoir in southeastern Brazil. This was one of the first-known translocations of the genus Cichla out of its natural range. Macro- and microscopy characteristics of the gonadal development stages and the maturation phases, along with the reproductive features (size at first maturation size, gonado-somatic index and sex ratio), were described. It was hypothesized that the stable conditions of the reservoir, with low connectivity, weakly defined spatial gradient and slight seasonal changes in environmental variables, favour the equilibrium strategy that enables predators to have high offspring survivorship because of great parental investment in individual progeny. Sex ratio was well balanced, with males and females reaching first maturity between 30.0 and 28.6 cm total length (LT ), respectively. The stages of oocyte (primary and secondary growth, vitellogenic and atresia) and spermatocyte (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa) development were identified. Five phases of gonadal development (immature, developing, spawning capable, regressing and regenerating) were described for both sexes. A long reproductive season was found, with spawning peaks in August/September and, to a lesser extent, in April/May. Parental care and spawns in parcels (batch spawns) corroborated the raised equilibrium strategy that was effective in this isolated reservoir. This species developed reproductive mechanisms that fit to different environmental conditions, with multiple spawning being associated with lentic environments and asynchronous development of oocytes, which are released over long periods. The reproductive plasticity in reservoirs may be one of the main factors inherent to the successful of colonization and establishment of the peacock bass in the environments in which they were introduced.

Functional stability despite anthropogenic influences on the ichthyofauna of a tropical bay.

Classifying species into groups based on taxonomic relationship and functions are objective approaches to evaluate environmental and anthropogenic influences on coastal fishes. We evaluated temporal (1993-1995 and 2012-2015) changes in the taxonomic and functional indices in three zones of a tropical bay heavily impacted over the recent decades. We tested the hypothesis that both indices decrease over time as result of the environmental degradation. A decrease in the taxonomic richness and abundance was observed mainly of the inner zone. The functional structure remained relatively stable, but the functional originality decreased significantly between the two periods. This functional loss is of particular concern because the loss of species with unique treats may generate a series of ecosystem damage. This information tells us that the use of functional indices is essential to complement taxonomic assessments and to detect a more detailed understanding of the real dimension of biodiversity loss in impacted environments.

Hierarchical partitioning of fish diversity and scale-dependent environmental effects in tropical coastal ecosystems.

The spatial structure of the fish diversity and site-scale and landscape-scale environmental effects were investigated across hierarchical levels in tropical coastal ecosystems. Total diversity (γ) was hierarchically partitioned into α and ß components using both the additive and multiplicative methods. A model selection based on the AICc was applied to generalized linear mixed models relating diversity measures to environmental variables and including random effects for hierarchical levels and season. Short-term seasonal effects were negligible. Spatial effects were more relevant at the site level and negligible at the subregion level, due to the high spatial heterogeneity and the natural pooling of ecosystems, respectively. Site-scale environmental effects were more relevant at the subregion level, with eutrophic conditions (continental influence) favoring the species richness (α and γ) and higher absence of species (ßA) in oligotrophic conditions (marine influence). At the system level, the positive effect of the distance from the ocean on γ and higher ßA in oligotrophic conditions reinforced the positive continental influence on fish diversity. Environmental homogenization processes were most likely associated with the negative effect of the pasture cover on α at the system level, and γ and ßA at the site level. The negative effect of the forest cover on the later diversity measure evidenced its relevance to maintain richer but more similar assemblages, whereas the positive continental influence was most likely due to the loss of stenohaline marine species. This study evidenced that disentangling spatial, land use, and marine vs. continental effects on diversity components is critical to understand the primary determinants of the fish diversity in tropical coastal ecosystems.

Induced CYP1A activity and DNA damage in fish from the middle Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil / Atividade induzida de CYP1A e danos de DNA em peixes do trecho médio da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil

The Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) drainage basin in Southeastern Brazil covers one of the most industrialized and densely populated regions of the country. The impact of chemical contamination on the PSR basin seems to be more pronounced in its middle reach where a number of potentially polluting plants are located. In this study, we used hepatic EROD activity - a biomarker of exposure to CYP1A-inducing pollutants (e.g. PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs) - and the incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes (Mn) in the peripheral blood - a biomarker of effects of DNA-damaging agents (e.g. PAHs) - to evaluate the effects of pollution on two native fish species, Geophagus brasiliensis and Pimelodus maculatus. Results showed that the incidence of Mn and EROD in G. brasiliensis and P. maculatus from the two most downstream sites (Três Rios Town and Piabanha River) were markedly higher than the incidence of Mn and EROD recorded in fish from the most upstream site (Funil Reservoir). Our findings are consistent with the view that CYP1A-inducing activity and increased DNA-damage are found in fish caught in sampling sites located downstream of the stretch where there are several industries that are potential sources of PAHs and CYP1A-inducing contaminants.

O rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) drena uma das mais industrializadas e densamente povoadas áreas do sudeste do Brasil. O impacto de contaminação química no RPS parece ser mais pronunciado no segmento médio da bacia onde se localiza grande número de indústrias potencialmente poluidoras. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a atividade hepática EROD – um biomarcador de exposição a poluente indutores da CYP1A (e.g. HAPs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs) – e a incidência de eritrócitos micronucleados (Mn) no sangue periférico – um biomarcador de efeitos de agentes de danificação do DNA- (e.g. HAPs) – para avaliar o efeito de poluição sobre dois peixes nativos, Geophagus brasiliensis e Pimelodus maculatus. Os resultados apresentaram que a incidência de Mn e EROD em G. brasiliensis e P. maculatus nos dois locais no trecho mais baixo (Três Rios e rio Piabanha) foi marcadamente mais elevada do que a incidência e a atividade EROD registradas em peixes dos locais mais à montante (reservatório do Funil). Estes resultados são consistentes com a visão de que atividade indutora de CYP1A e elevadora de danos no DNA são encontradas em peixes capturados em locais abaixo do trecho onde grande número de indústrias são potenciais fontes de poluição de indutores de contaminantes HAPs e CYP1A.

Size-related and seasonal changes in the diet of the non-native Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 in a lowland reservoir in the southeastern Brazil / Mudanças sazonais e relacionadas ao tamanho da dieta do não-nativo Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 em um reservatório de planície no sudeste do Brasil

Abstract: We examined size-related and seasonal changes in the diet of the peacock bass Cichla kelberi in a tropical lowland reservoir in southeastern Brazil over three hydro-climatic seasons: summer (high rainfall and temperature), winter (low rainfall and temperature), and late spring (increasing rainfall and temperature) during two years (2006-2007). The tested hypothesis is that this non-native predator fish changes diet during the subadult and adult phases and among seasons to adapt in new colonized environment. Fishes of the families Clupeidae (Platanichthys platana), Characidae (Astyanax spp.) and Cichlidae (Cichla kelberi) were the most important food items, followed by insects of the order Odonata. Cannibalism was also recorded for the largest individuals. A significant size-related change in diet was found with the smallest individuals (Total Length, TL < 20 cm) preying mainly on fishes, whereas the larger individuals (TL > 30 cm) preyed mainly on Odonata. The niche breadth increased during growth, with the largest individuals having a diet more evenly distributed among the available resources. No significant seasonal differences in diet composition were found, but stomachs with higher degree of volume occupied by food were more frequent in late spring than in summer. Conversely, the highest niche breadth was found during the summer compared to the other seasons. Together, these observations suggest an efficient use of the available resources by this top predator in this new colonized system.

Resumo: Foram examinadas as mudanças sazonais na dieta e relacionadas ao tamanho para o tucunaré Cichla kelberi em um reservatório tropical de várzeas no Sudeste do Brasil em três ciclos hidrológicos: verão (elevadas precipitações e temperaturas), inverno (baixas precipitações e temperaturas), e final da primavera (aumentos das precipitações e temperaturas) durante dois anos (2006-2007). A hipótese testada é que este peixe predador não-nativo muda a dieta durante as fases adulta e subadulta e entre as estações do ano para se adaptar neste novo ambiente colonizado. Peixes das famílias Clupeidae (Platanichthys platana), (Characidae (Astyanax spp.) e Cichlidae (Cichla kelberi) foram os itens alimentares mais importantes, seguidos por insetos da ordem Odonata. O canibalismo também foi registrado para os maiores indivíduos. Mudanças significativas na dieta foram relacionadas ao tamanho, com os indivíduos menores (Comprimento Total, CT <20 cm) utilizando principalmente peixes, enquanto os indivíduos maiores (CT >20 cm) se alimentaram principalmente de Odonata. A amplitude de nicho aumentou ao longo do crescimento, com indivíduos de maior porte tendo dieta mais uniformemente distribuída entre os recursos disponíveis. Nenhuma diferença significativa na composição da dieta foi encontrada entre as estações do ano, mas estômagos com maiores volumes ocupados pelo alimento foram mais frequentes no fim da primavera e menos frequentes no verão. Por outro lado, a maior amplitude de nicho foi encontrada no verão comparada com as outras estações, o que indica o uso mais uniforme dos diversos recursos disponíveis. Juntas, estas observações sugerem uma utilização eficiente dos recursos disponíveis por esta espécie predadora de topo neste novo sistema colonizado.

The use of biomarkers for assessing effects of pollutant stress on fish species from a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil / O uso de biomarcadores para avaliar efeitos de estresses de poluentes sobre espécies de peixes em um rio tropical no sudeste do Brasil

Biomarkers are measurements within an organism that respond to environmental effects and are used as tools in bioassessment programs since they reflect physiological changes induced by exposure to pollutants. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the condition factor (CF) in three fish species Geophagus brasiliensis, Hypostomus affinis and Hypostomus auroguttatus were used to assess effects of pollutant stress in a tropical river during two seasons (dry and wet). Fish from the least disturbed sites had the lowest condition factor (CF) and the lowest HSI, whereas those from sites near pollutant discharges had the highest CF and HSI. Higher HSI and lower CF occurred during the dry season. It is suggested that species adapted to stressful conditions take advantage on food availability from organic loads or unoccupied niches by lesser tolerant species, increasing CF. We concluded that higher HSI values were directly associated with environmental stress whereas the higher CF values are related to availability of food resources derived from organic loads or other sources. CF and HSI are simple and cost-effective, thus suitable as routine screening tools in pollution monitoring, but caution should be taken in relating changes in physiological measurements and any specific pollutant to prevent misinterpretation.

Biomarcadores são medidas dentro de um organismo que respondem a efeitos ambientais e são utilizadas em programas de bioavaliação, já que refletem alterações fisiológicas induzidas pela exposição a poluentes. O índice hepatossomático (IHS) e o fator de condição (FC) das espécies Geophagus brasiliensis, Hypostomus affinis e Hypostomus auroguttatus foram calculados em um rio tropical durante duas estações (seca e cheia). Peixes de locais menos alterados apresentaram menores FC e IHS, enquanto os de locais próximos de descargas de poluentes apresentaram maiores FC e IHS. Maiores IHS e menores FC ocorreram durante a estação seca, comparados com a estação chuvosa. É sugerido que espécies adaptadas às condições estressantes levam vantagem da disponibilidade de alimentos próxima às descargas orgânicas ou nichos não ocupados por espécies menos tolerantes, aumentado o FC. Os valores mais elevados do IHS foram diretamente associados ao estresse ambiental, enquanto os valores mais elevados FC estão relacionados com a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares derivados de descargas orgânicas ou outras fontes. FC e IHS são simples e de baixo custo, portanto, adequados como ferramentas no controle da poluição, mas cuidados devem ser tomados ao relacionar suas mudanças às medições fisiológicas ou a qualquer poluente específico para evitar efeitos de interferência.

Taxonomic and functional distinctness of the fish assemblages in three coastal environments (bays, coastal lagoons and oceanic beaches) in Southeastern Brazil.

Several species of marine fish use different coastal systems especially during their early development. However, these habitats are jeopardized by anthropogenic influences threatening the success of fish populations, and urgent measures are needed to priorize areas to protect their sustainability. We applied taxonomic (Δ+) and functional (X+) distinctiveness indices that represent taxonomic composition and functional roles to assess biodiversity of three different costal systems: bays, coastal lagoons and oceanic beaches. We hypothesized that difference in habitat characteristics, especially in the more dynamism and habitat homogeneity of oceanic beaches compared with more habitat diversity and sheltered conditions of bays and coastal lagoons results in differences in fish richness and taxonomic and functional diversity. The main premise is that communities phylogenetically and functionally more distinct have more interest in conservation policies. Significant differences (P < 0.004) were found in the species richness, Δ+ and X+ among the three systems according to PERMANOVA. Fish richness was higher in bays compared with the coastal lagoons and oceanic beaches. Higher Δ+ was found for the coastal lagoons compared with the bays and oceanic beaches, with the bays having some values below the confidence limit. Similar patterns were found for X+, although all values were within the confidence limits for the bays, suggesting that the absence of some taxa does not interfere in functional diversity. The hypothesis that taxonomic and functional structure of fish assemblages differ among the three systems was accepted and we suggest that coastal lagoons should be priorized in conservation programs because they support more taxonomic and functional distinctiveness.

Inter-annual changes in fish communities of a tropical bay in southeastern Brazil: What can be inferred from anthropogenic activities?

We assessed inter-annual changes in fish assemblages of a tropical bay which experienced a heavily industrialized process in the last decades. A highly significant difference in community structure among the bay zones, and a decrease in fish richness and abundance over time were found. Changes in fish richness and abundance between the two first (1987-1988 and 1993-1995) and the two latter time periods (1998-2001 and 2012-2013) were sharpest in the inner bay zone, the most impacted bay area, and in the middle zone, whereas the outer zone remained comparatively stable over time. These changes coincided with increased metal pollution (mainly, Zn and Cd) in the bay and with the enlargement of the Sepetiba Port. Spatial changes in the fish community structure among the bay zones were related to differences in salinity, transparency and depth with this latter variable acting as a buffer stabilizing temporal community changes.

The development of a preliminary rock reef fish multimetric index for assessing thermal and urban impacts in a tropical bay.

We developed a multimetric index for assessing ecological conditions in rocky reefs areas to evaluate thermal and urban influences on fish community. Eight metrics were selected to assess thermal influence: (1) total number of species; (2) number of water column species; (3) number of transient species; (4) density of individuals with low resilience; (5) density of omnivores; (6) density of carnivores; (7) number of cryptic species; (8) density of herbivores. For urban influence, six metrics were selected: (1) total density; (2) ratio between the number of rare species and the total number of species; (3) density of individuals with heavy fishing pressure; (4) number of resident species; (5) number of cryptic species; (6) density of herbivores. This preliminary index succeed in discriminating control/impacted sites and proved to be an important tool to assess impacts that alter fish community and have potential to be used in tropical rock reef coastal areas.

Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

The physical habitat simulation sub-routine of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) uses hydraulic modeling and suitability indices of target fish species to predict how differences in-stream flows affect the microhabitat occupation by fish species. This habitat modelling approach was adopted to assess the ecological effects of running flows on three neotropical fish species of different orders (Bryconamericus ornaticeps , Ancistrus multispinis and Geophagus brasiliensis ).The study encompassed two reaches of an Atlantic Forest stream in Southeastern Brazil where topographic and hydraulic (depth, velocity and type of substrate) characteristics were measured to implement one-dimensional hydraulic simulation. Sub aquatic observation of fish was performed to collect data on microhabitat use and these data were used to develop habitat suitability curves that were used in the habitat simulation to obtain the habitat suitability index (HSI) and weighted usable area (WUA) versus flow curves. Upon these curves minimum and optimum environmental flows for the target fish species were proposed. Bryconamericus ornaticeps and A. multispinis selected microhabitats around 0.6 m depth, whereas G. brasiliensis showed a wider suitable range (0.35-0.9 m). All the three species were mainly observed in microhabitat with low flow velocity (0.1 m/s). Bryconamericus ornaticeps selected more frequently coarse substrate (e.g. boulders) but it appeared also over sandy substrate, whereas A. multispinis and G. brasiliensis selected preferably boulders. The range of 0.65-0.85 m3/s was found as the optimum to meet the needs of the three fish species. Our results agree with the necessary objective information to perform grounded management actions in the frame of a management program aiming at ecosystem conservation. Thereby it can be considered a successful pilot study in environmental flow assessment in an Atlantic Forest stream of Brazil.

A sub-rotina simulação de habitat físico da metodologia incremental - IFIM usa variáveis hidráulicas e os índices de aptidão das espécies alvo para predizer como diferentes vazões afetam a ocupação de microhabitat por espécies de peixes. Esta abordagem de simulação de hábitat foi adotada para avaliar os efeitos ecológicos sobre três espécies de peixes tropicais de diferentes ordens (Bryconamericus ornaticeps , Ancistrus multispinis e Geophagus brasiliensis ) em dois trechos de um riacho de Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil, durante a estação chuvosa de 2013 e a estação seca de 2014. Características topográficas e hidráulicas (profundidade, velocidade e tipo de substrato) foram mensuradas para implementação da simulação de habitat em uma dimensão; observações subaquáticas dos peixes foram realizadas para avaliação do uso do microhabitat. As curvas de aptidão de habitat de cada variável hidráulica foram utilizadas na simulação de habitat para obtenção das curvas de aptidão composta (HSI) e a área útil ponderada (WUA) versus fluxo, e propor vazões ambientais mínimas e ideais para as espécies de peixes-alvo. A amplitude de vazão de 0,65-0,85 m3/s foi registrada como o ótimo para satisfazer as necessidades das três espécies de peixes. Esta é uma informação objetiva para os gestores de recursos hídricos e que pode ser aplicada no planejamento de programas de gestão visando a conservação dos ecossistemas. Desse modo, pode ser considerado um estudo piloto bem sucedido na avaliação do fluxo ambiental em um riacho da Mata Atlântica do Brasil.

Enzymatic Activity in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pimelodus maculatus (Teleostei, Siluriformes) in Two Neotropical Reservoirs with Different Trophic Conditions

Enzymatic activities for digestion of proteins and carbohydrates were compared among three organs of the digestive system of Pimelodus maculatus in two reservoirs with different trophic conditions during the winter of 2006. The aim was to test the hypothesis that enzymatic activity for the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates differed among organs and that such activities differ between the trophic state of the environment. Enzymatic activities were determined through the assays of specificity for trypsin, chymotrypsin and β-glucosidase enzymes. The intestine had higher trypsin-like enzymatic activities compared to the stomach and liver. The highest β-glucosidase activity was found in the liver compared to the stomach and intestine in the oligotrophic reservoir only. Overall, enzymatic activity did not differ between the eutrophic and oligotrophic reservoirs, although the intestinal chymotrypsin was comparatively higher in the eutrophic reservoir and the hepatic β-glucosidase was higher in the oligotrophic reservoir. These findings indicated that most digestive activity occurred in the intestine for P. maculatus, which was probably related to its omnivorous/carnivorous feeding habits. The highest proteolytic activity in the intestine was expected for most fishes, but the high hepatic β-glucosidase in the oligotrophic reservoir was unexpected. The hepatic β-glucosidase as well as the intestinal chymotrypsin-like activity could be considered as the candidates for biomarkers of environmental quality.

Ecomorphology and resource use by dominant species of tropical estuarine juvenile fishes

Eleven ecomorphological attributes and diet of seventeen juvenile fish species were examined to test the hypothesis that morphological patterns determine resource uses in estuarine habitats. Species were separated according to the apparatus to food capture and habitat use (benthic or pelagic) in three different groups: (1) a group with depressed fish body, strong caudal peduncle and enlarged pectoral fins; (2) a second group laterally flattened with a wide protruding mouth, and (3) a third group strongly flattened with small pectorals fins. The following six trophic groups were organized based on prey categories: Zooplanktivores, Benthivores, Omnivores, Detritivores, Macrocarnivores and Insectivores. Significant results (PERMANOVA) between ecomorphological indices and habitat and between ecomorphological indices and trophic groups were found. These data indicate that similarity of ecomorphological forms, which minimize the influence of environment and partitioning of food, would help facilitate the co-existence of these fish when they are abundant in this tropical estuary.

Onze atributos ecomorfológicos e a dieta de dezessete espécies de peixes juvenis foram examinados para testar a hipótese de que os padrões morfológicos determinam a utilização dos recursos em habitats estuarinos. As espécies foram separadas de acordo com o modo de captura do alimento e uso do habitat (bentônicos ou pelágicos) em três grupos distintos: (1) um grupo de peixes depressiformes, com forte pedúnculo caudal e nadadeiras peitorais alargadas; (2) um segundo grupo, compressiforme, com ampla boca protrusível, e (3) um terceiro grupo, fortemente achatado e com pequenas nadadeiras peitorais. Seis grupos tróficos foram organizados com base nas categorias de presas: Zooplanctívoros, Bentívoros, Omnívoros, Detritívoros, Macrocarnívoros e Insetívoros. Foram encontrados resultados significativos (PERMANOVA) entre os índices ecomorfológicos e o habitat e entre os índices ecomorfológicos e os grupos tróficos. Estes dados indicam que a similaridade ecomorfológica, que reflete o ambiente e o tipo de alimento consumido, facilitaria a coexistência desses peixes quando estes são abundantes neste estuário tropical.

Gram-negative intestinal indigenous microbiota from two Siluriform fishes in a tropical reservoir

The Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of Hypostomus auroguttatus and Pimelodus maculatus, a detritivorous and an omnivorous fish species, respectively, were compared between fishes from the reservoir and the stretch of the river below the dam of the Funil hydroelectric plant, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Four selective culture media were used under aerobic and two under anaerobic conditions. The omnivorous species had microbiota with higher population levels compared to the detritivorous species. The number of morphotypes and population levels of total bacteria, vibrio and Bacteroides tended to be higher in summer and autumn in the reservoir, and not different in the river. The number of morphotypes of enterobacteria and total bacteria were higher in the lotic environment compared with the lentic one. The bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides and the obligate anaerobic Fusobacterium mortiferum were the most frequently identified microorganisms in the intestine of both H. auroguttatus and P. maculatus. Both season and habitat influenced the Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of H. auroguttatus and P. maculatus. Environmental factors influenced the Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of both species with possible impact on the interrelationship between the fishes and their digestive ecosystem, although the gut microbiota composition of fishes may result from host-specific selective pressures within the gut.

Gram-negative intestinal indigenous microbiota from two Siluriform fishes in a tropical reservoir.

The Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of Hypostomus auroguttatus and Pimelodus maculatus, a detritivorous and an omnivorous fish species, respectively, were compared between fishes from the reservoir and the stretch of the river below the dam of the Funil hydroelectric plant, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Four selective culture media were used under aerobic and two under anaerobic conditions. The omnivorous species had microbiota with higher population levels compared to the detritivorous species. The number of morphotypes and population levels of total bacteria, vibrio and Bacteroides tended to be higher in summer and autumn in the reservoir, and not different in the river. The number of morphotypes of enterobacteria and total bacteria were higher in the lotic environment compared with the lentic one. The bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides and the obligate anaerobic Fusobacterium mortiferum were the most frequently identified microorganisms in the intestine of both H. auroguttatus and P. maculatus. Both season and habitat influenced the Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of H. auroguttatus and P. maculatus. Environmental factors influenced the Gram-negative intestinal microbiota of both species with possible impact on the interrelationship between the fishes and their digestive ecosystem, although the gut microbiota composition of fishes may result from host-specific selective pressures within the gut.

Habitat preferences of common native fishes in a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil

We determined in this study the habitat preferences of seven native fish species in a regulated river in Southeastern Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that fishes differ in habitat preference and that they use stretches of the river differing in hydraulic characteristics and substrate type. We surveyed fishes in four 1-km long river stretches encompassing different habitat traits, where we also measured water depth, velocity, and substrate type. We investigated preference patterns of four Siluriformes (Loricariichthys castaneus, Hoplosternum littorale, Pimelodus maculatus, and Trachelyopterus striatulus) and three Characiformes (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, Oligosarcus hepsetus, and Hoplias malabaricus), representing approximately 70% of the total number of fishes and 64% of the total biomass. We classified fishes into four habitat guilds: (1) a slow-flowing water guild that occupied mud-sand substrate, composed of two Siluriformes in either shallow (< 4 m, i.e., H. littorale) or deep (> 8 m, L. castaneus) waters; (2) a run-dwelling guild that occurs in deep backwaters with clay-mud substrate, composed of the Characiformes A. aff. bimaculatus and O. hepsetus; (3) a run-dwelling guild that occurs in sandy and shallow substrate, composed of T. striatulus; and (4) a fast-flowing guild that occurs primarily along shorelines with shallow mud bottoms, composed of H. malabaricus and P. maculatus. Our hypothesis was confirmed, as different habitat preferences by fishes appear to occur in this regulated river.

Determinamos neste estudo a preferência de habitat de sete espécies de peixes abundantes em um rio regulado do Sudeste do Brasil. Testamos a hipótese de que peixes diferem na preferência de habitat e usam trechos do rio com diferentes características hidráulicas e tipos de substratos. Realizamos amostragens de peixes, utilizando redes de espera e tarrafas em quatro trechos do rio de 1 km de extensão, compreendendo diferentes características do habitat, onde também obtivemos medidas de profundidade, velocidade da água e tipo de substrato. Quatro Siluriformes (Loricariichthys castaneus, Hoplosternum littorale, Pimelodus maculatus e Trachelyopterus striatulus) e três Characiformes (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, Oligosarcus hepsetus e Hoplias malabaricus) que juntos compreenderam aproximadamente 70% do número total e 64% do peso total de peixes foram estudados. Classificamos os peixes em quatro guildas: (1) peixes que ocorrem em trechos com baixa velocidade de fluxo e substrato constituído predominantemente de lama e areia, compreendendo dois Siluriformes, um de áreas rasas (< 4 m, i.e., H. littorale) e outro de áreas profundas (> 8 m, i.e., L. castaneus); (2) peixes que utilizam rápidos de áreas laterais mais profundas com substrato lamoso, representados pelos pequenos Characiformes, A. aff. bimaculatus e O. hepsetus; (3) peixes que utilizam rápidos que ocorrem em áreas rasas e substrato arenoso, representado por T. striatulus; e (4) peixes de corredeiras que utilizam as margens rasas com fundo lamoso, representados por H. malabaricus e P. maculatus. As espécies estudadas apresentam diferenciação na preferência por variáveis do hábitat, corroborando a hipótese investigada.

Can fish gill anomalies be used to assess water quality in freshwater neotropical systems?

Gill anomalies in two fish species (Geophagus brasiliensis and Astyanax bimaculatus) were compared among three freshwater systems with different water quality: one eutrophic river, one eutrophic reservoir, and one oligotrophic reservoir. The raised hypotheses are that reservoirs with low water quality (eutrophic) have fish with more gills anomalies compared with reservoirs with high water quality (oligotrophic), and that the more stable environmental conditions of eutrophic rivers have fish with better healthy conditions than eutrophic reservoirs that have lesser stable environmental conditions. Gills of 36 adult individuals of G. brasiliensis and 23 of A. bimaculatus collected during the winter 2008 and winter 2009 were examined, and the proportions of occurrence of nine histological alterations were compared for the two species among the three systems using a binomial t test for independent samples. Histological changes in fish gills that are reversible and unspecific, such as epithelial lifting, interstitial edema, leukocyte infiltration, hyperplasia of the epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, and vasodilatation were common in both fish species in the three systems. However, lamellar aneurism, which is a more serious and often irreversible anomaly, and lamellar blood congestion occurred only in fish from the two reservoirs. Alternatively, necrosis occurred more in fish from the river. Fish gill anomalies in both species did not differ between the two reservoirs, despite having different water quality. We rejected the hypothesis that reservoirs with lower water quality have fish with more gill injuries compared with high water quality reservoirs. Moreover, the eutrophic river seems to affect differently the healthy condition of fish species, compared with the eutrophic reservoir.